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GRE中駁論文范文 第一篇

邏輯圖的畫法，簡言之：先畫結論，再畫原因，分清串聯和并聯。

Argument的結論一般出現在原文的最后一句。將總結出來的結論畫在邏輯圖的最下方。在原文中找到導致結論的最直接原因，花在結論的上方。原文中的其他內容，如果構成因果關系，那么按照“串聯”形式放在圖中；如果內容之間沒有因果關系，那么就按照“并聯”放在圖里。例如Argument-127：

The following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of Centerville.

xxxAll students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School. In the past two years, several accidents in and around Centerville have involved teenage drivers. Since a number of parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers. Although there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction. Therefore an effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this serious problem.xxx

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

根據最后一句的“therefore”可知，這句話是全文的結論，即：高中開設免費強制性駕駛課程是唯一解決方案。

第二個原因“Since a number of parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers”，這句話中的“since”引導一個因果關系，因此這一部分有一個“串聯”，即：家長抱怨沒時間親自教孩子開車→需要課程確保孩子的安全駕駛

第三個原因：“parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction”家長沒錢送孩子去駕校。

上述三個原因之間沒有額外的因果關系，因此三個原因之間是并聯關系。但是，三個原因并聯到一起，整體上和文章結論組成大串聯。最終的邏輯圖如下：

GRE中駁論文范文 第二篇

畫完邏輯圖之后，接下來就是在邏輯圖中找出邏輯缺陷，并按照題目對應的寫作指令列出提綱。如果是Question類寫作指令，則需要列出你要提的若干問題；Evidence類，則列出需要的證據；Assumption類，需要列出文章論證過程中的各種假設；Explanation類，列出針對原文給出的額外的解釋。

注意，尋找邏輯缺陷，需要從邏輯圖的串聯處尋找。這是因為只有因果論證的地方才可能存在邏輯缺陷。例如，如果只看上面邏輯圖的第一個方框中的內容“過去兩年在C發生了幾期和青少年有關的交通事故”，這個內容是找不出任何的邏輯缺陷的，因為這句話陳述的是一個客觀事實。但是如果把這句話放到其與結論之間構成的因果論證中：“過去兩年在C發生了幾期和青少年有關的交通事故→高中開設免費強制性駕駛課程是唯一解決方案”，這里就能提出很多邏輯缺陷了。再結合本題的Question類寫作指令，本題的第一條提綱如下：

① 事故數量是否真的足夠多以至于需要開設課程？事故是否是由青少年導致的？青少年肇事者是否是C的本地學生？

本題中的第二條因果論證：“家長抱怨沒時間親自教孩子開車→需要課程確保駕駛安全”。針對這個論證，本題第二條提綱如下：

② 家長是否真是沒時間，而非將沒時間當做借口？沒有時間的家長的數量是否足夠的多以至于需要開設課程？

本題第三條因果論證：“家長沒錢送孩子去駕?！咧懈咧虚_設免費強制性駕駛課程是唯一解決方案”。針對這個論證，本題第三條提綱如下：

③ 家長是否真的沒錢？有多少家長真的沒錢？

最后，本文結論處提及“方案”，因此可以用“方案類錯誤”尋找邏輯缺陷，得到本題第四條提綱：

④ 高中開課這一方案是否可行？學校有錢嗎？有老師嗎？有場地嗎？

即使可行，方案是否有效？學生是否能學得會并且照著做？交通事故真的會減少嗎？

即使有效，這一方案是否是唯一方案？政府的資助或者社區志愿者組織加試培訓是否也可以？

GRE中駁論文范文 第三篇

在GRE作文題庫中，Argument共分成如下四類寫作指令：Question、Evidence、Assumption和Explanation。四類指令的具體內容要求如下：

Question類：

Question類寫作指令在題庫xxx出現了五種表述。這五種沒有本質區別，在寫作時處理方式完全一致。

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

寫一篇文章，討論需要回答哪些問題，以決定該建議是否可能產生預期的結果。請務必解釋這些問題的答案如何有助于評估該建議。

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.

寫一篇文章，討論需要回答哪些問題，以決定該預測及其所依據的論證是否合理。請務必解釋這些問題的答案如何有助于評估該預測。

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

寫一篇文章，討論需要回答哪些問題，以決定該建議及其所依據的論證是否合理。請務必解釋這些問題的答案如何有助于評估該建議。

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion.

寫一篇文章，討論需要解決哪些問題，以決定結論和作為其基礎的論證是否合理。請務必解釋對這些問題的回答將如何有助于評估結論。

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the advice and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the advice.

寫一篇文章，討論需要回答哪些問題，以決定該建議及其所依據的論點是否合理。請務必解釋這些問題的答案如何有助于評估該建議。

Evidence類：

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

寫一篇文章，討論評估該論證需要哪些具體的證據，并解釋該證據如何削弱或加強該論點。

Assumption類：

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

寫一篇文章，在文章中，你要審查該論證的已陳述和/或未被陳述的假設。請務必解釋該論證如何依賴于這些假設，以及如果這些假設被證明是不成立的，對該論證的影響是什么。

Explanation類：

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

寫一篇文章，討論一個或多個可以與原文提出的解釋相競爭的替代解釋，并解釋你的解釋如何能夠合理地解釋論證中呈現的事實。

GRE中駁論文范文 第四篇

學習寫Argument，第一步就是學會尋找文章論證過程中出現的邏輯錯誤。我們總結出Argument題目中常出現的9中邏輯缺陷。注意，同學們不必死記硬背這些邏輯缺陷的概念。邏輯缺陷見的多了，自己在以后的審題中自然而然地就會發現文章的缺陷了。

調查類錯誤

如果原文中出現和“調查”有關的內容，如：survey, statistics, investigation, respondent等，那么原文在論證中極有可能出現“調查類錯誤”。針對此類錯誤，我們可以從受訪者和調查者兩方面入手分析。針對受訪者，可以嘗試尋找有無下列三種可能性：

樣本數量不足。例如原文說“所有的受訪者都表示張祿老師的GRE課講得很好，因此所有考生都應該報名他的課”，針對這個論證，我們可以提出質疑：如果調查樣本很少，比如只調查了1名學生，那么這一個人說張祿老師課講得好，不見得是真的好。

樣本不具有代表性。針對上面的例子，我們還可以提出質疑：如果受訪者本身并沒有聽過張祿老師的課，那么這些樣本就不具備代表性。

以偏概全。例如原文說“所有北京的學生都覺得張祿老師課講得好，所以全國同學都要來上他的課”，針對這個論證，我們可以質疑：北京不一定能夠代表全國。

受訪者沒有說實話。針對上面的例子，我們還可以質疑：受訪者有可能并沒有實話實說，因此我們不能認為張祿老師的課一定講得好。

針對調查者，可以尋找下面可能性：

調差過程本身并非客觀公正。例如針對上面的例子，我們可以質疑：有可能調查者給學生發了紅包，導致學生們說張祿老師課講得好，但事實可能并非如此。

錯誤類比

例如原文說“A城市新建了一座高爾夫球場，使得經濟有了增長，那么B城市如果也修建一座高爾夫球場，經濟也會增長”，這里我們可以提出質疑：A和B兩座城市是否可以類比？可能A城市有非常大的高爾夫需求，但是B城市的居民并不需要高爾夫，因此即使B建了高爾夫球場，其經濟也不會增長。

時間對比

時間不同狀態不同，因此不能用過去推斷將來，例如原文說“十年前我的GRE考了滿分，因此今年再去考，依然能夠得滿分”，這里我們可以質疑：十年前的GRE和今天的GRE考查的技能可能不一樣，或者十年前的我和十年后的我考試能力也不一樣。

數據錯誤

絕對數字無意義。例如原文說“有100個人說我GRE教得好，所以我教的是真好”，這里的邏輯缺陷在于“100人”這個數字，在缺少參照的情況下，我們并不知道是多還是少。如果聽過我的課的人有10000人，那么100人就不能說明我教得好，反之，聽過課的有101人，其中100人說好，那就是真的好。

只有百分比，沒有基數。例如“99%受訪者說我的GRE教得好，所以我教的真的好”，這里的邏輯缺陷在于我們并不知道參與調查的人有多少。如果只調查了10個人，那么即使99%的滿意度也不能說明我的教學水平就是很高，相反，如果調查了10000人，那么99%的滿意率就更可以說明我教的很好了。

偷換概念

例如原文說“某地區的人每年在爵士樂的娛樂上花費很多，因此如果新建一家爵士樂俱樂部，那么俱樂部可以有利可圖”，這里的邏輯缺陷在于將“爵士樂的娛樂”等同為“爵士樂俱樂部”，但是爵士樂娛樂不止包含了爵士樂俱樂部，可以包含唱片、演唱會、周邊等，因此爵士樂娛樂花費多不代表大家會把錢花在爵士樂俱樂部。

再如，原文說“A地區實施某項政策，導致其公共物品破壞率降低，因此B地區如果實施同樣政策，會使得其犯罪率降低”，這段話的邏輯缺陷除了A和B之間的錯誤類比以外，還有就是將“犯罪”等同于“公共物品破壞”，這也屬于偷換概念。

強加因果

這類邏輯缺陷，我們只需要記住一點：兩者同時發生，不意味著兩者之間一定有關，更不意味著兩者一定有因果關系。例如原文說“過去十年戴頭盔騎自行車的人增加了，同樣的十年自行車事故增加了，這說明大家因為戴了頭盔反而降低了安全意識，所以才導致事故增加，因此建議禁止戴頭盔騎自行車”，這里同時發生的兩件事是“戴頭盔的人多了”和“自行車事故多了”，但是兩件事情不一定有因果關系，有可能戴頭盔的和出事的不是同一批人，也有可能是自行車事故的上升反過來導致大家戴了更多頭盔。

方案類錯誤

如果原文提及“方案”或“推薦”之類的內容，那么就可以從三個方面入手尋找邏輯缺陷。

方案可行性。例如原文說“因為發生了中學生肇事的交通事故，因此提議當地中學開始駕駛類課程”，這里我們可以質疑：中學開駕駛課是否是可行的？比如，中學沒有資金、沒有老師、學生沒時間來上課。

方案有效性。還是上面的例子，即使方案可行，也未必有效，比如學生聽不懂駕駛課，或者學生并不會照著課上講的去做最終導致更多的交通事故，

方案唯一性。這指的是除了原文提出的方案，是否還存在其他可行的選擇。還是上面的例子，我們可以再進一步質疑：即使中學開駕駛課這個方案是可行且有效的，那么是否有其他替代方案？例如政府組織開設課程，或者社區招募志愿者開始課程。

成本收益

商業類的題目，往往會在原文提及某件事情會增加利潤。利潤=收入-成本。所以關于利潤上升，我們可以分別從“收入可能會下降”以及“成本可能會上升”以及“利潤可能不會有長期穩定的上升”這三個角度來質疑。

GRE中駁論文范文 第五篇

開頭段由兩部分組成：同義改寫原文+模板。

同義改寫原文的基本原則是先改寫原文的結論，后改寫原文的原因。

改寫結論常用的句式：

l According to the argument/article/letter/memo/recommendation, the author/president/manager predicts/recommends/proposes that…

（Argument題目開頭往往會有諸如“The following is part of a memorandum from the president of Humana University”這類說法，于是開頭段第一句就可以寫成：According to the memo, the president of Humana University…）

如果原文只給了一個原因，那么同義改寫原文可以寫成：The author attributes A to B.

如果原文有多個原因，可以用First/Second/Third或Moreover/Furthermore等詞來連接這些原因。

模板句的結構一般是“讓步+照應寫作指令”。

讓步句子的目的是承認道原文的論證有一定的合理性。可以套用下面句型：

l Although the original intention of the author's proposal is solid

l While the author’s recommendation may be beneficial to some extent

l While this may be the case

l Although there appear to be some merits in the recommendation

l Astonishingly stimulating as this recommendation may sound

l While this argument may be tenable at first glance

照應寫作指令則根據題目的寫作指令套用下列模板句子即可：

Question：

l whether or not his prediction will produce the expected results depends on the answers to the following questions

l we still need to address some questions in order to better valuate the lines of reasoning behind the author’s argument

l we still need to answer several questions to better evaluate the effectiveness of the argument

l there are a few questions that should be taken into consideration

l certain questions must be posed and answered before we can decide if the prediction is reasonable, as the strength of this prediction could fluctuate drastically depending on the answers to these questions

l there are a number of questions regarding his lines of reasoning that requires further analysis. The argument could end up being pretty convincing or invalid in the end, depending on the answers to those questions.

l whether the author’s prediction is reasonable hinges on the answers to the following questions

l we need to ask more questions and the answers to these questions might help us settle on the ultimate decision

Evidence：

l more evidence is needed to further evaluate the lines of reasoning behind such a claim and the evidence would end up supporting or weakening the argument.

l close scrutiny reveals that the conclusion lacks critical support and therefore we need more evidence to help evaluate the argument

l However, close scrutiny of this argument reveals a great lack of critical evidence and we are therefore unable to evaluate the conclusion. As a result, further information is needed to form a better evaluation of the author’s recommendation.

l through close examination of the letter, it is evident that certain pieces of the writer’s argument lack fundamental evidence

Assumption：

l there are a few assumptions that need to be taken into further consideration

l the author’s conclusion is based on several assumptions, which, if prove unwarranted, will seriously challenge the author’s conclusion

l However, the author’s conclusion highly relies on the author’s unstated assumptions, which once proved unwarranted, would undermine the author’s conclusion and consequently nullify the proposed recommendation.

l there are a couple of assumptions that should be looked at in more depth

l it suffers from several questionable assumptions, which, if not justified, would negatively influence the soundness of this argument

Explanation：

l without ruling out several alternative explanations, the conclusion could remain, at best, problematic

l we should give consideration to other possible reasons behind the…

l we cannot easily ignore other explanations which could rival the proposed one endorsed by the author

l Reasonable though this explanation might appear, we cannot safely claim that it is the only one that can reasonably account for the facts presented in the argument. Therefore, we must thoroughly consider the following explanations, which rival the proposed one in the argument.

l the information currently available is not conclusive to qualify the proposed explanation the only one capable of elucidating the fact in the argument. Several alternative possibilities could also account for the phenomenon

l I maintain that other plausible explanations can also account for the facts presented in this argument. However, with only the current information, we are unable to decide which explanation is best. Nor is it utterly certain that one factor alone is responsible for the facts presented in the argument.

我們以Argument-127為例，其開頭段可以寫成：

According to the letter, the author proposes that the high school in Centerville initiate an effective and mandatory program to solve the teenagers’ driving problems. To support the argument, the author quotes the recent accidents involving teenage drivers, parents’ complaints regarding lack of time training their children and the high cost of driving schools. While the author’s recommendation may be beneficial to some extent, whether or not his prediction will produce the expected results depends on the answers to the following questions.

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